Dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels are critical to excitation-secretion and excitation-contraction coupling. The channel molecule is a complex of the main, pore-forming subunit α₁ and four additional subunits: α₂, δ, β, and γ (α₂ and δ are encoded by a single messenger RNA). The α₁ subunit messenger RNA alone directs expression of functional calcium channels in Xenopus oocytes, and coexpression of the α₂/δ and β subunits enhances the amplitude of the current. The α₂, δ, and γ subunits also have pronounced effects on its macroscopic characteristics, such as kinetics, voltage dependence of activation and inactivation, and enhancement by a dihydropyridine agonist. In some cases, specific modulatory functions can be assigned to individual subunits, whereas in other cases the different subunits appear to act in concert to modulate the properties of the channel.